Saving Private Ryan

The sharp movie, coordinated by Steven Spielberg, ‘Saving Private Ryan' is as I would like to think the most reasonable film to ever depict the D-Day arrivals. Numerous pundits have even said it to be striking to such an extent that the main component missing is the smell. In the Film's first fight scene, enduring twenty-five minutes altogether, it carries all reality into the living bad dream that took spot such a long time prior. Brought over into life by Spielberg, I will show how he makes fervor and pressure in the most practical of ways. I will talk about how he depicts the characters, his utilization of sound and finally, his utilization of camera shots and how they add to the general impact of the scene. Spielberg shows a general essential opening scene and I will show exactly how. Discharged on the 24th July 1998, ‘Saving Private Ryan' vowed to break all blockbuster records and go directly to the top. Spielberg dazed the world with the film's authenticity and credibility, demonstrating that his eminent notoriety isn't simply prattle, however certainty. The plot is approximately roused by the genuine story of the Niland siblings, where two of the four were slaughtered and the third, assumed dead. The choice was made to recover the fourth, to forestall a national turmoil and from an entire family from being cleared out because of War. The plot, demonstrating energizing, carries a lot of debate over the strategic hazard eight lives for one. The entire epic World War 11 show cost around $65 million altogether, a large portion of which was spent on the realistic detail and impacts in the primary fight scene of the film. In spite of the fact that the twenty brief fight scene is mind boggling artistically and outwardly, the plot of the sea shore arrivals finishes sensibly basically. The scene begins in focal point of a little regiment of troops, trembling inside the frame of a vessel, froze by the sound of approaching automatic rifle shoot. The inclines tumble down as a wheel turns round, articulating the finishes to the greater part of their lives. The vessel opens out the same number of are shot dead in a flash by the whirlwind of projectiles push toward them. Hardly any make it out a live before they need to drive through a huge number of dead up the sea shore. As the fight scene cuts into see, the primary character to be seen outwardly is Captain Miller. This promptly demonstrates he is high up in rank thus, in a flash gives him an ordering nearness among the specialty. The serenity of his voice even appears to quiet the strain in the air. Be that as it may, the underlying piece of him to be seen is his pair of trembling hands. This traditionally is an indication of dread and to a few, may show a shortcoming. Pioneers are not typically connected with dread; characteristically they are courageous. Spielberg has utilized this incidentally, to show the authenticity inside his character. All the warriors battling on that day were ordinary residents battling for pride and nation. They all accomplished dread. On D-day there were no courageous war saints, for example, John Wayne and this is the reason Captain Miller, alongside the various soldiers, is appeared in fear. As the shot moves outward, the entire of Captain Miller's body is uncovered. His appearance can be seen and again authenticity is strengthened. The individual going about as Captain Miller, Tom Hanks doesn't have the cliché appearance of a War saint; he is little, peaceful and in absence of the muscle qualities ordinarily connected with a clichid warrior. Through this throwing Spielberg passes on a message. The men battling on that day were typical. They weren't all huge men worked of muscle, who could challenge passing thus, the individual give a role as Captain Miller isn't either. Through this, the character of Captain Miller is made realer to the crowd, consequently making the film progressively precise and generally right. On the sea shore, after the regiment has handled, the Captain encounters a short period where his feelings and still, small voice are tossed into strife. The repulsiveness of what's going on around him begins to soak in, as all fear brings about a psychological breakdown. The way that he doesn't simply walk through the sea shore and that he is influenced shows his sympathy and compassion. It shows he is a mindful individual; one who is gravely influenced by the horrendous things being done to his friends. Through this time of breakdown, Spielberg makes heaps of pressure, as the crowd, who have step by step began to get joined to this sensible character, are willing him to wake up and gain his self-control. They need him to escape this circumstance and lead his soldiers up the sea shore. Another character that stands unmistakable in this scene is that of Sergeant Horvath. Spielberg has utilized Horvath's character to stand out from Captain Miller, and this is seen even in the initial couple of moments of his dibut. Quickly as the crowd set eyes upon his wide form, it very well may be seen that he is significantly more hearty than the Captain and that he adjusts more to the cliché picture of an anecdotal war legend. I feel that Spielberg has featured this point underline the ordinariness and customary picture of Captain Miller. He has done this to show that troopers were all shapes and sizes. Through this complexity made, the authenticity of the two characters is expanded as the two of them can be perceived remarkably. Horvath and Miller again differentiate in their strategies for managing the fear and ghastliness tossed at them. While the Captain discharges his froze state through the consistent trembling of his hands, Horvath permits his dread to scatter through biting. Through Horvath's diverse response, Spielberg characterizes his character more, making him increasingly reasonable as he manages circumstances in an alternate manner. As fighters, all things considered, all responded extraordinarily relying upon their characters, Horvath does as well. The crowd at that point can distinguish better with him, comparing him to individuals they know, in this manner remembering him as a genuine sort of individual, one who is exceptional. In spite of the fact that Captain Miller and Sergeant Horvath differentiate from numerous points of view, together they structure a predominant organization. In each request transferred by the Captain, the Sergeant strengthens it, therefore depicting his respect, demonstrating that he has a tremendous profound respect for the man. Horvath constantly remains nearby to the Captain, sitting tight for his order and paying special mind to him. Spielberg utilizes him as the Captains right arm. Everything about Horvath, from his bear like face, down to his bulky form, yell; defender! Taking into account this, the crowd fancy him and trust comfort in the way that Horvath will ensure and bring their ‘everyman' (the Captain) to wellbeing. Spielberg utilizes the connection between the two characters to energize the crowd, as he shows that War is so strange, that it united individuals in kinships who in any case wouldn't have done as such. Commander Miller and Sergeant Horvath have such a solid relationship during this scene that fervor excites among the crowd, as they realize that together the two will endure. Private Jackson, the regiment's rifleman is another character that has a basic job in the fight scene. His primer appearance is in the arrival create, preceding the slopes drop. His face, being one of unadulterated fear is very easy to read to the crowd. He is unnerved to the point that his demeanor and the primary demonstration that he submits, a kiss on a cross, show that he accepts that there is no expectation for endurance left. It is as if he believes that a kiss on the cross is the last activity he will do and that if God is ever going to go to his guide, let it be presently. I feel that Spielberg has utilized this cross and his demeanor of second thought, to draw sympathy for the Private, yet in addition to show how close passing is to God. Colossal anticipation is made through the dread in Jackson's eyes. Private Jackson isn't engaged upon much during the battle to make progress and progress up the sea shore, anyway is generous in the peak of the Scene. In this area of the scene, there is a long delay where the camera centers upon the fixation around Jackson's face. He is addressing God as he gets ready to shoot and slaughter the Germans. During this snapshot of supplication, Jackson is in the activity, yet alone and covered in obligation. The long, apparently quiet interruption is sprinkled with different pictures of the perishing, wildly petitioning God in middle of all Chaos. Spielberg has utilized this scope of pictures shifted together, to delay Jackson's interruption, creating strain as the crowd foresee the result. The various pictures are of different situations, where like Jackson they are imploring God in their period of scarcity. In spite of the fact that the prerequisites of God are totally different, this equitable shows that whatever circumstance that individuals are in, the common nature toward the day's end, is to require an extraordinary being, to come at their salvage. The component of otherworldly trusting in this, show again exactly how close demise is to God and this is obviously depicted when Jackson say's: â€Å"I am near you Lord†. This is said minutes before the Private shoots. He now is uncertain of his endurance and shows that he realizes that he is extraordinarily near kicking the bucket. Spielberg tells the crowd this as well and makes abundant anticipation through the delay. All strain that has been waiting is totally discharged when Private Jackson shoots and slaughters the rest of the Germans. Now the adversary surge has been wrecked and the American Soldiers are protected. Spielberg utilizes this point to discharge the entirety of the fervor and strain that has been developing, moving the crowd into a relative quiet. In the entire of the Battle scene, passing is a component not got away from. Spielberg has decided to depict War how it truly was, pulling out all the stops. In actuality, demise isn't courageous; it is a disaster that carries dread into the hearts everything being equal. It was not appealing, it was horrendous and to keep it in accordance with authenticity. Spielberg also needed to show it along these lines. During the Scene, wherever you turn, there is an individual biting the dust an agonizing demise, with shouts p

Mercury Reader free essay sample

The promotion that I have picked to break down is the Hyundai Santa Fe â€Å"Big Game Ad†. The first occasion when I at any point saw this advertisement was on Pandora. com, and afterward by and by in class as we were talking about various promotions. This promotion was likewise one of the advertisements that broadcast during the super bowl of 2013. This is a business about a kid who is tormented by a couple of different young men and is tested to a football match-up. This business depicts the â€Å"underdogs† as champs since they are driving the new Hyundai. A couple of the fifteen fundamental interests this promotion utilizes incorporates the need to aggress, need to accomplish, need to command, and in conclusion, the requirement for self-sufficiency. This business begins with a young man who is playing with his football when a gathering of greater young men come and take it from him. The young man attempts to get it back, yet they let him know â€Å"come back when you have a team†. The kid chooses to acknowledge the demand from different young men. Not long after acknowledging the demand, he runs into the house to get his mom. At that point together, they get into the Hyundai they put their game faces on and begin making rounds to get the young men companions. The initial two young men they stop to get are lifting loads in his garage as they drive up. The two young men share comparable characteristics, for example, hair shading so I’m expecting that they are siblings. They give off an impression of being lifting a lot of weight on the open air exercise center set. The following stop they make is to a carport to get a kid who is taking a shot at a vehicle utilizing shoot with his father. The fourth kid they stop to get is grappling with a major mountain bear. There is a tremendous group around the kid as he has the wild bear in a wrestler's hold utilizing his legs. The last kid they picked was conveying a completely developed man out of a consuming structure. In the wake of getting the entirety of the young men in the Hyundai, the mother drops them off to play football with the gathering of greater young men. The greater kid from the earliest starting point of the business who took the young men football inquired as to whether they needed to play contact football or tackle. The entirety of the littler young men answered as one that they wanted to play tackle football. After the young men answer, there is a voice over part giving data about the vehicle being promoted. After this part, the business returns to the two gatherings of young men and we see one of the littler young men kick the ball, which winds up hitting one of the greater young men in the head. This Hyundai business utilizes ethos and sentiment well indeed. Poignancy is utilized the most in this business since it causes individuals chuckle and to feel a feeling of pride when the gathering of greater young men gets what they merit. A few people have even ventured to such an extreme as to state this is additionally an enemy of harassing business. Ethos is shown here on the grounds that the Hyundai Car Company is one of America’s most believed vehicle organizations. Hyundai is known for their sheltered, family agreeable, agreeable, snazzy vehicles. This specific Hyundai business utilizes four of the 15 fundamental interests. It utilizes the need to aggress and we see this in two occasions. The principal occasion we see the need to aggress is the point at which the gathering of enormous young men takes the young men football and won't give it back to him. The second occurrence we watch is the point at which the littler kid kicked the ball and hit the other kid in the head. The following essential intrigue appeared here is the need to accomplish. The Hyundai vehicle organization needed to accomplish making the watchers need this vehicle. They need each and every individual who sees this business to require this vehicle since it will by one way or another better their current â€Å"self† on the grounds that this vehicle is such a triumph. The third essential intrigue is the need to command. This happens when the gathering of huge young men take the littler young men football. They want to show up and feel more impressive than the littler kid. We additionally observe the need to overwhelm when one of the young men is grappling with a mountain bear and is winning. The Hyundai Company needs us to feel that we are predominant in the event that we are driving this vehicle since it is greater and better than the remainder of the vehicles out there. The remainder of the essential 15 interests that is being depicted in this business is the requirement for self-sufficiency. The business sells the autonomy of the vehicle and that you can have it your way and don’t should be a specific kind of individual to have this vehicle. For instance, the entirety of the young men were extreme; nonetheless, they are not no different sort of intense. One kid was battling a bear, another was saving individuals from a consuming structure, and the other two were lifting loads. Sexual orientation jobs in this business are exceptionally set. The business has all young men threw except for the mother. The mother doesn't have any lines, and we just observe her heading to get different young men. The mother does; anyway appear to have a disposition. At the point when we first observe her driving, she has her game face on, alongside her child. Sex jobs of the young men here is manly. The young men are playing football, which is known to be a game for men, rather than playing soccer or possibly tennis, which isn't phenomenal for ladies to play. The young men show up solid, strong, and athletic, not at all like numerous other nine-year-old young men. The entirety of the male jobs in this business show kid as the predominant and solid sexual orientation because of their tough appearance. The intended interest group is guardians with heaps of children or guardians who drive numerous children around frequently. The intended interest group likewise incorporates white collar class families who can bear the cost of tis vehicle. This Hyundai isn't over the top expensive at all and it really resembles the individuals who are riding in this vehicle originates from an upper white collar class family. In the business, we get a fast look at the house the young man lives in. It seems, by all accounts, to be a decent family house with a carport with the Hyundai in the garage. It would appear that this family lives in suburbia with a neighborhood park close by where the young men were playing football. Out of sight of the recreation center, there are numerous decent vehicles left in the city and driving along the street. The garments picked for the entertainers to wear are not all that much, yet certainly aren’t inelegant. The entirety of the young men are wearing tennis shoes, possibly not name brand shoes, however they are in acceptable condition. They are likewise all wearing denim pants and either a plaid shirt and tee shirt or only an ordinary shirt with a coat. We just observe the mothers’ upper half and she is wearing a decent dark sweater. The main others in this business are the men assembled around the young man wrestling the bear and the individuals being safeguarded from the fire. Those others highlighted in this business are additionally simply wearing pants and a tee shirt or a plaid shirt. To certain individuals, this Hyundai business might be exceptionally viable, however to me it isn't powerful in any way. This business is exceptionally interesting and engaging and I love watching it, however that’s all it is. As I watch this business I focus on the tale of the young men and not the vehicle they are riding in. this promotion is incapable to such an extent that I subsequent to watching it a few times, I couldn’t even recall what vehicle organization this advertisement was for. This business isn't focused on the vehicle, rather than the Volkswagen Beetle Convertible. The Beetle Convertible business is extremely engaging and centers around the vehicle itself. The storyline integrates with the way that the vehicle is a convertible. The Hyundai Company could take a note or two. It shocks me that a few people are stating that this business is tied in with tormenting. I can perceive how they arrived at that resolution. The young man was being singled out by seven different young men who were a lot greater and furthermore gave off an impression of being more established. In any event, when the young man appeared with his group, they were all still littler in height than the other gathering so it despite everything gives the idea that the littler gathering is being harassed. In spite of the fact that the littler gathering of young men was harder than the other gathering, the greater gathering was all the while singling out the littler young men, anyway I don’t accept this business was focusing on the issue of tormenting. The Hyundai Santa Fe vehicle appears to be a decent moderate vehicle with extraordinary highlights, for example, seating up to eight individuals serenely. The â€Å"big game ad† business was extremely clever and engaged numerous individuals during the super bowl, anyway this promotion was not successful. The promotion could have concentrated more on the vehicle and less on the young men. On the off chance that their objective was attempting to leave an important impression, at that point they definitely practiced that, yet in the event that their objective was to cause individuals to recollect the vehicle, they fizzled.

Help to write a Paper - Getting Started

Help to write a Paper - Getting StartedHave you ever been to a formal school, where you were taught how to help write a paper? While there are many sources to get a good start on writing a paper, there are some people who don't know how to start.Writing a paper is the first step in the academic process for most students. It's also considered the process of putting your thoughts down in paper form. It doesn't necessarily have to be long or difficult. But if you are not really prepared then it will be hard for you to produce a good paper.If you really want to do well at school then you should learn how to write a paper. You don't need to be a great writer to be able to write a quality paper, but you need to write something that will be of use to the teacher and other students. Here are some tips that you can follow to help make your task easier.One thing that you can do to help yourself when writing a paper is to make sure that you know how to start. The most basic way to start a paper is to keep it simple. This means that you should write an introduction, an overview, and a conclusion without doing a lot of work on the introduction or the conclusion part.If you already have the basics in writing a paper then you can take your time on the outline before you start writing the actual paper. It would be wise for you to write out the outlines of what you will talk about in your paper so that you won't miss anything in the middle. This will help make your paper more polished.The next tip for starting your paper is to use an effective style. There are some styles that are better than others and you should try to use one that works for you. There are two main styles that you can choose from. First, there is the usual style and second there is the informal style.The formal style is the one that is best for professors and if you want to use this for your writing project then you should use the formal style. A casual style is the style that will work best for you and if yo u don't mind doing it this way then you can do so.If you want to use the informal style then you should use a bit of each style. However, the formal style is better for student writing because the style is based on the written form. An informal style is used by students to write their own memoirs or journal entries.

The Balanced Chemical Equation for Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the process in plants and certain other organisms that uses the energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose (a sugar) and oxygen. Equation 6 CO2   6 H2O → C6H12O6   6 O2   Where:CO2   carbon dioxide  H2O waterlight  is requiredC6H12O6   glucoseO2   oxygen Explanation In words, the equation may be stated as:  Six carbon dioxide molecules and six water molecules react to produce one glucose molecule and six oxygen molecules. The reaction requires energy in the form of light to overcome the activation energy needed for the reaction to proceed. Carbon dioxide and water dont spontaneously convert into glucose and oxygen.

How Queens I Want to Break Free Video Explores Queerness...

Intro: Like various art forms such as film, television, and literature allows artists to express their own sense of identity, that being nationality, race, class, ethnicity, gender or sexuality. In this case, Queen uses music to illustrate the themes of gender and sexuality through their music video I Want to Break Free (1983). This essay will attempt to discuss how Queen’s music video, I Want to Break Free, explores queerness in relation to queer theory. Firstly, I will introduce the ideas and arguments of queer theory through Gilbert Herdt article Same Sex Different Cultures (1997). I will then discuss Queen’s portrayal of drag within the music video and how it can be seen as queer rather than heterosexual. Lastly, I will argue that†¦show more content†¦For example, the music video introduces Mercury in the appearance of drag wearing a large upright wig with a pink sweater vest, tight leather short-skirt with stockings and high heels. Furthermore, we are show n Deacon, May, and Taylor being in the appearance of drags as either a school girl, grandmother and an awoken female in her pink pyjamas. Although drag is noted as a form of performance, it is often associated with queer culture because of this idea where the artists perform as the opposite sex. Furthermore, drag is often highlighted as part of queer culture through main stream mediums such as Stephan Elliot’s The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert (1994), which is critically acclaimed by AfterElton’s as the 10th greatest gay film of all time (AfterElton). Para 2: However, one can argue that Queen’s I Want to Break Free, could be seen as a heterosexual text. One can argue that drag is not queer because drag is a performance – the idea that anyone can perform drag regardless of gender and sexual preference. For example, in Jean-Marc Vallee’s Dallas Buyer’s Club (2013), Jared Leto plays Rayon – a drug addict transsexual women who is HIV positive. Leto’s performance in Dallas Buyer’s Club is what earned him the academy award for best supporting actor. It was his win which sparked critique as the Vallee’s casting of Leto, a straight white male, to play and perform as a transsexual

Analysis of Standard Costing System and Decision Making free essay sample

Content 1. Introduction4 2. Part ? Standard Costing System and Variance Analysis5 2. 1. Definition5 2. 2. Scenarios of Standard Costing System and Variance Analysis5 2. 2. 1 Scenario ? Manufacturing Companies—Auto-making Firms6 2. 2. 2 Scenario ? Service Industries—Banks7 2. 2. 3 Scenario ? Other Industries That Have not Repetitve Processes—AdvertisingFirms8 2. 3. Standard Costing System on Different SIzes9 2. 4. Variance Analysis9 2. 4. 1 Total Production Cost Variance9 2. 4. 2 Marterials Variances10 2. 4. 3 Fixed overhead Variance11 2. 5. Summary12 3. Part ? —Relevant and Irrelevant Costs and Incomes13 . 1. Definition13 3. 2. Scenario ? —Shutting Down or Keeping Open Part of the Business13 3. 2. 1 Relevant and Irrelevant Costs andIncomes in Scenario ? 16 3. 2. 2 Qualitative Factors in Scenario ? 16 3. 3. Scenario ? —Pricing Products or Services16 3. 3. 1 Pricing Customized Produccts/Services17 3. 3. 2 Pricing Non-customized Products/Service s17 3. 3. 3 Relevant and Irrelevant Costs andIncomes in Scenario ? 18 3. 3. 4 Qualitative Factors in Scenario ? 19 3. 4. Scenario ? —Product Mix and Limiting Factor Analysis19 3. 4. 1 Relevant and Irrelevant Costs andIncomes in Scenario ? 1 3. 4. 2 Qualitative Factors in Scenario ? 21 3. 5. Scenario ? —Make or Buy Decisions21 3. 5. 1 Relevant and Irrelevant Costs andIncomes in Scenario ? 24 3. 5. 2 Qualitative Factors in Scenario ? 24 4. Conclusion25 Reference26 Appendix28 I. The Learning-Curve Effect28 II. Variance Analysis for A Variable Costing System28 III. Formula for Variance Analysis29 8 1. Introduction With more and more competitive in global market, costs of companies’ products become more and more important. In this assignment, the definitions of standard costing and variance analysis are introduced. This assignment refers that whether or not standard costing system and variance analysis are appropriate to any type and size of organization, and analyzes four scenarios about decision-making. At last, some relevant and irrelevant income and costs and qualitative factors are identified in these four scenarios. 2. Part ? —Standard Costing System and Variance Analysis 2. 1. Definition Standard costing system and variance analysis usually are used in improving the control of costs. Standard costs are predetermined costs and target costs that be incurred under efficient operating conditions (Drury, 2009). Purposes of standard costing are: 3. giving a forecast of costs that can be used for decision-making purposes; 4. offering a challenging target which can motivate individuals to achieve; 5. helping for setting budgets and evaluating managerial performance; 6. acting as a control device by warning managers to situations that may be ‘out of control’; 7. simplifying the task of tracing costs to products for profit measurement and inventory valuation purposes (Drury, 2008). Variance analysis refers to find out differences between standard costs and actual costs and to analyse reasons of these differences (Atrill McLaney, 2007). Managers analyse variances of each element of costs in each responsible centre to find out measures that can control costs more efficient. 2. 2. Scenarios of Standard Costing System and Variance Analysis The data of standard costing comes from historic costs. Standard costing is most suitable to organizations whose activities consist of a series of repetitive operations and input required to produce each unit of output can be specified (Drury, 2009). Manufacturing companies and service companies have the repetitive operations, such as auto-making companies and banks. There are, however, some industries that are not suitable for the standard costing system, since their activities have not the repetitive nature. For example, hospital whose patients differ individually and advertising firms that customize advertisements and focus on creating new things do not use the standard costing system as the cost of this system is too large. The reason of why standard costing system just can be used in companies which have the repetitive operations is that the costs of standard costing system in companies which own the repetitive operations are less than in others that do not have the repetitive operations. . 2. 1. Scenario ? Manufacturing Companies—Auto-making Firms In manufacturing industries, the processes of companies are usually repeatable. This nature of manufacturing companies is due to large economies of scale. Especially the auto-making firms, they use the assembly line to standardize their products. This can help to decrease their costs. For e xample, Honda produced standardized wheels (De Wit Meyer, 2010). Because Honda used the assembly line a lot of years, Honda can accurately calculate costs of a wheel, such as quantity of materials(1. 1 kg), variable overhead (? 2. 0/h) of one wheel. Because standard costs of Honda are relatively unchangeable, Honda can use basic cost standards. Basic cost standards are one of cost standards and represent constant standards that are left unchanged in a relatively long period (Broadbent Laughlin, 2009). Although even Honda would change its productions in every two years, standard costs are not changed so much. Because Honda changed its wheel very detailed, such as wheel’s size or pattern, managers could calculate new standard costs accurately. In conclusion, manufacturing firms can use standard costing system. . 2. 2. Scenario ? Service Industries—Banks The activities of service industries own the repetitive nature. To decrease running costs, service companies make a s eries of processes that standardize activities of their employees. For example, banks prescribe processes of loan applications (at below table). In processes, the labour standard cost (? 1. 50) is the most. Companies trained employees and paid salaries to them. In Lloyds TSB online payment, the process is standardized. First, a customer fills in details of payment, such as the name of acceptor and acceptor’s address. Then, TSB calls the customer to confirm the payment. At last, TSB send a message to the customer to notice details of payment. At this process, the cost is very low—labour cost and sending messages cost. Standard Costs of A Loan Application (? ) Direct materials 0. 6 Direct labour (10 minutes) 1. 5 Variable overhead 1. 0 Total standard variable cost 3. 1 In service industries, managers should pay the most attention to labour costs. Any employee needs time to be familiar to processes and directly attend service’s activities. If a new activity is made, or new employees attend an existing activity, a learning-curve effect will occur (Appendix ? ). At the beginning, the time taken per unit of output is long. With experience increases, employees take less time to do the service. So the learning-curve effect must be taken into account when setting standards (Atrill McLaney, 2007), especially in service industries. For example, if let a new employee to take care of customers’ loan applications, the time will be longer (20 minutes) and the labour standard cost will increase (? 2. 00). . 2. 3. Scenario ? Other Industries That Have not Repetitive Processes—Advertising Firms Now more and more companies pay attention to customers’ individual needs. Customers’ needs are relatively difference. For example, in clothes design, the designer makes unique clothes for each customer. If this kind of companies uses standard costing system, managers have to recalculate standard costs every time. T his will let managers to take a lot of time to calculate standard costs. In advertising firms, they use different projects to produce different advertisement. Because advertisements have to follow customers’ requirements, each project’s costs are different (at below tables). And this kind of firms is not suitable for variance analysis, as the types of materials and labours are different. Costs of Advertisement ? (? ) Direct materials A 150 Direct labour (group 1) 200 Variable overhead 250 Total budget variable cost 600 Budget contribution margin 250 Budget selling price 850 Standard Costs of Advertisement ? (? Direct materials B 350 Direct labour (group 2) 150 Variable overhead 230 Total budget variable cost 730 Budget contribution margin 200 Budget selling price 930 2. 3. Standard Costing System on different sizes On the small size organizations, the standard costing system is not very suitable. Because resources of small size organizations are limited and they cannot produce so many products, the costs of this system on small size organization are large. About medium size organizations, the range of products in medium size organization is larger than in small size organization, but I advise this kind of organization can use budget costs, because the repetitive processes are not many in the range of medium size organizations’ productions. The costs of this system are also high. In large organizations, the types of productions are a lot and there are many repetitive processes. So this system is suitable in large organizations. 2. 4. Variance analysis From the table (Appendix ? , there are 3 parts in the variance analysis—selling and distribution cost variances, total production cost variance, and total sales margin variance. In this assignment, total production cost variance will be mainly discussed. If a firm can establish standard costs, it can use variance analysis to analyse the differences between standard costs and actual costs. If standard costs cannot be used, costs should be managed by comparing budgeted and actu al costs (Verbeeten, 2010). So manufacturing firms, service industries, or other companies that own repetitive processes, can use variance analysis. Companies that have not repetitive processes, like advertising firms, cannot use variance analysis. 2. 4. 1. Total Production Cost Variance In this part, there are four variances—material variances, labour variances, variable overhead variances, and fixed overhead variances. There is an example (at below tables) about variance analysis. The costs of materials, labour or variable overhead are determined by two factors—the price and the quantity. The differences between standards costs and actual costs will be happened, when the actual quantity (or price) is different from the standard quantity (or price). Standard costs on products (? ) Direct materials—10,000kg at 13 per kg 130,000 Direct labour—20,000 hours at ? 8 per hour 160,000 Variable overheads—20,000 hours at ? 3 per direct labour hour 60,000 Total variable standard costs 350,000 Fixed overheads 120,000 Total standard costs 470,000 Actual costs on products (? ) Direct materials—10,300kg at 12 per kg 123,600 Direct labour—28,000 hours at ? 9 per hour 252,000 Variable overheads—28,000 hours at ? per direct labour hour 84,000 Total variable costs 459,600 Fixed overheads 106,000 Total costs 565,600 2. 4. 2. Material Variances (Formula-Appendix ? ) About the material price variance, the standard price (SP) of material is ? 13, and the actual price (AP) is ? 12. There is a ? 1 saving per kg. In addition, because QP was 10,300 kg, the material price variance is favourable (? 10,300=? 1? 10,300 kg). This means BWM got a fewer price in actual price, because it found a good supplier that can off er materials in fewer prices. About the material usage variance, the SQ is 10,000 kg (10,000 units? 1 kg), but the materials that were used (AQ) is 10,300 kg. And the SP is ? 13. So the material usage variance is ? 3,900 and adverse. The reasons about adverseness are company changed its quality control requirements, and changed methods of production. Managers can reduce the usage of materials through improving product design or use promotion and advertising to improve its sales. About the total material variance, the standard material cost (SC) is ? 130,000 (10,000 units 13) and the actual cost (AC) is ? 123,600 (10,300 nits 12). So the total material variance is favourable (? 6,400=? 130,000-? 123,600). Or using the material price variance minutes the material usage variance (? 6,400=? 10,300-? 3,900). This result is due to the fewer price of materials. However, managers need to reduce the usage of input. Actually the labour variance and variable overhead variance have the same formula to calculate quantity vari ance and price variances, that is, and . Because the process of variance analysis in these three parts is same and words are limited, the labour variance and variable overhead variance do not explain. . 4. 3. Fixed Overhead Variance The formula of the fixed overhead variance is (BFO means the budgeted fixed overheads; AFO means the actual fixed overhead) (Atkinson et al, 2001). BMW’s BFO was ? 120,000 and AFO was ? 106,000. So the fixed overhead variance was ? 14,000 and was favourable. The reasons about the differences between BFO and AFO may have a lot, such as the appointment of additional supervisors, or salaries of supervisors were changed. Managers are likely to think this variance is uncontrollable in a short term. 2. 5. Summary Standard costing system and variance analysis may be used to any type and size of organizations, but not suitable for any type and size of organizations. Standard costing system is suitable for some companies which own different products under a series of common operations, such as manufacturing companies and service industries. However, some companies that own different operations do not be advised to use standard costing system, such as advertising firms. The cost of standard costing system is the most important reason. The variance analysis has the same situation. 3. Part ? —Relevant and Irrelevant Costs and Incomes 3. . Definition When managers make future decisions, they have to consider relevant costs; otherwise, the decisions will be subjective or even wrong. The relevant costs and revenues mean that in decision-making, costs will be influenced in the future decision (Antrill McLaney, 2007). In addition, the relevant costs include avoidable costs and opportunity costs. For example, if a firm purchase a new computer, ? 738 will be cost; if not, the expenditure of ? 738 will be avoided. ?738 is called avoidable costs. Opportunity is a tool to measure the cash benefit from the next most desirable alternative action (Proctor, 2009). Irrelevant cost is the cost that is not about decision-making (Davila et al, 2009). It includes 3 kinds of costs—sunk costs, committed costs, and non-cash costs. Sunk costs are past costs; committed costs are about legal costs that will be paid in the future (Proctor, 2009); non-cash costs are these costs that not cause any cash movement, such as depreciation. Qualitative factors are these factors that can’t be evaluated in monetary terms (Drury, 2009) and have to be taken into account in the decision-making. For example, employee morale and customer goodwill belong to qualitative factors. 3. 2. Scenario ? Shutting Down or Keeping Open Part of the Business Many organizations do periodical analysis to compare different profits between departments. If the profit of a department is negative, the firm needs consider a lot of factors to determine close it or not. There is an example about discontinuation decisions (at the below table). PGShampoo (? 000)Body wash (? 000)Soap (? 000)Total (? 000) Cost of goods sold80088010002680 Salesperson’s salaries160200240600 Sales office rent7090110270 Depreciation of sales office equipment20402090 Apportionment of warehouse rent25252575 Depreciation of warehouse equipment18162458 Departmental and headquarters costs380400320110 Total costs assigned to each location1473165117394863 Reported profit/(loss)427349(139)637 sales1900200016005500 PGKeep soap open (? 000)Discontinue soap (? 000)Difference in costs and revenues (? 000) Cost of goods sold268016801000 Salesperson’s salaries600360240 Sales office rent270150120 Depreciation of sales office equipment9090 Apportionment of warehouse rent7575 Depreciation of warehouse equipment5858 Departmental and headquarters costs11001100 Total costs assigned to each location487335131360 Reported profit/(loss)627387240 sales550039001600 PG Company analyses its profit by departments. There are 3 departments—soap, shampoo, and body wash. From the table, PG Company should not close the soap department. Because there is a contribution of ? 240,000 about reported profit, if PG close the soap department, it will lose ? 240,000 in its overall profits. 3. 2. 1. Relevant and Irrelevant Costs and Incomes in Scenario ? About the relevant cost and revenue, cost of goods sold, salespersons’ salaries, and sales office rent belong to relevant costs, and reported profit and sales are its relevant incomes. Irrelevant costs are these costs that do not affect the decision. Depreciation of sales office equipment, apportionment of ware house rent, depreciation of warehouse equipment, and departmental and headquarters costs are irrelevant costs, as their numbers do not change. 3. 2. 2. Qualitative Factors in Scenario ? In this scenario, employee morale, customer loyalty, and relationship with suppliers are qualitative factors. If PG make a closure decision, the redundancies arising will lead to the decline of employee morale. This may affect future output. Although reported profit of soap department was negative, its soap occupied 3. 4% market share (PG annual report, 2010). So if PG does not produce soap, it will lose a lot of customers. This will influence its long-term relationship with customers. At last, the close decision will break up the relationship with suppliers. This is not good for its future supply. Considering these qualitative factors, managers should not close soap department. 3. 3. Scenario ? —Pricing Products or Services In this scenario, there are two approach—cost-plus pricing and targeting costing, to determine the price of products. The cost-plus pricing means product costs are evaluated firstly and then a profit margin is jointed to decide the selling price (Horngren et al, 2005). The target costing is reverse of the cost-plus pricing. The start point is to determine the target selling price and then target costs are be gotten by deducting a desired profit margin. The purpose of this approach is to confirm the future actual costs will less than the target cost (Drury, 2008). In this assignment, the cost-plus pricing is mainly discussed. 3. 3. 1. Pricing Customized Products/Services Because market prices of customized products/services are often nonexistent, the cost-plus pricing is suitable for this situation. Companies can ensure costs first and then design future sales revenues to cover these costs. There is an example about pricing customized products (at below table). British CompanyMark-up percentage Cost-plus selling price (? ) Direct variable costs200160%520 Direct fixed costs100 Total direct costs30080%540 Indirect (overhead) costs80 Total cost38045%551 The British Company produces computers. In row 1, there is a mark-up (160%) is jointed to cover direct fixed costs. The situation is same in row 3. The 80% mark-up is added to cover indirect costs. At last, a 45% mark-up is added in total cost to provide a profit contribution. So the British Company makes ? 531 for customized computers. 3. 3. . Pricing Non-customized Products/Services For large volumes, managers have to make a pricing decision. In this pricing decision, the market research is very important. Through this research, managers can determine a range of selling prices and sales volumes by comparing with similar product types. There is an example about pricing non-customized products (at the below table). Chinese Company Potential selling price? 100? 90? 80? 70? 60 Estimated sales volume at the potential selling price (000s)110130170190200 Estimated total sales revenue (? 000)11,00011,70013,60013,30012,000 Estimated total cost (? 00)10,50011,10012,60012,80013,000 Estimated profit (loss) contribution (? 000)5006001,000500(1,000) Depending on a market research, managers of Chinese Company estimate a range of selling prices. In the profit (loss) contribution, profits are maximized at ? 80. So managers will choose ? 80 as the price of the new product, because it can obtain the maximized profit. 3. 3. 3. Relevant and Irrelevant Costs and Incomes in Scenario ? Direct variable costs, and profit contribution are relevant costs and incomes, and direct fixed costs and indirect costs are irrelevant costs in this scenario. Managers have to consider direct variable costs and profit contribution seriously, and they do not need to think about direct fixed costs and indirect costs, as they do not influence the decision-making. 3. 3. 4. Qualitative Factors in Scenario ? About qualitative factors, there are 2 factors, that is, the degree of market competition and management expertise. The degree of market competition is used to determine the mark-up. If market competition is intensive, mark-ups are likely to decline. And if market competition is not too intensive, mark-ups may increase. Management expertise relates to whether or not managers could analyse the market information accurately. They are able to determine the range of prices very exactly. Managers must own management’s general knowledge of the market. 3. 4. Scenario ? —Product Mix and Limiting Factor Analysis Limited productions may be due to the market demand or the shortage of resources. These resources include raw materials, labour, machinery, space, and so on. And these scarce resources are often known as key or limiting factors (Horngren et al, 2005). There is an example for product-mix decision (at below tables). Products Component XComponent YComponent Z Selling price per unit? 35? 30? 16 Variable cost per unit? 19? 17? 8 Contribution per unit of output? 16? 13? 8 Machine hours required per unit of output8 hours4 hours2 hours Estimated sales demand2000 unites2000 unites2000 unites Required machine hours for the quarter16,000 hours8,000 hours4,000 hours Component XComponent YComponent Z Contribution per unit? 16? 13? 8 Machine hours required8 hours4 hours2 hours Contribution per machine hours? 2? 3. 25? 4 Ranking 321 European Company produces 3 kinds of components and these components use the same machine. Because of the availability of machine capacity-European Company can provide 16,000 scare machine hours, output of these components is limited in the short term. At the first glance, component X should be produced firstly, since it owns the highest contribution per unit of output. However, this is incorrect. To produce component X, all of the 16,000 machine hours will be occupied. Because components Y and Z just use 4 hours and 2 hours respectively, European Company can firstly produce 2000 each units of each component and then still produce component X about 500 units. Because component Z spends the least hours, the company should produce component Z first, and then produce component Y. At the result, the company makes the decision—producing 2000 units of component Z, 2000 units of component Y, and 500 units of X. 3. 4. 1. Relevant and Irrelevant Costs and Incomes in Scenario ? About the relevant costs, the material costs and distribution costs belong to relevant costs, as depending on different decisions, these costs will be changed. In this scenario, the irrelevant costs include some fixed costs, such as warehouse rent, administrative expenditure and so on. . 4. 2. Qualitative Factors in Scenario ? Customer goodwill and long-term strategy are qualitative factors in this scenario. If European Company is unable to supply components Y and Z and just produce component X, customer goodwill may be lost, and this will lead to a fall in future sales. About its long-term strategy, managers must pay attention to company’s strategy. Through pr oducing different components to expend its market, European Company can obtain a long-term development and become the market leader finally. 3. 5. Scenario ? —Make or Buy Decisions Some companies do the make or buy decisions, because its production capacity is limited, or because products from outside are cheaper than from themselves. For example, the personal function could be subcontracted. Getting products or services from a subcontractor is called outsourcing (Horngren et al, 2005). There is an example for outsourcing (at below tables). Situation 1Total cost of continuing to make 10,000 components (? )Total cost of buying 10,000 components (? )Difference in extra costs/(saving) of buying (? ) Direct materials AB140,000(140,000) Direct labour100,000(100,000) Variable manufacturing overhead costs9,000(9,000) Fixed manufacturing overhead costs90,00070m000(20,000) Non-manufacturing overheads50,00050,000 Outside purchase cost incurred/(saved)350,000350,000 Total costs incurred/(saved)389,000470,00081,000 Situation 2Make component A and do not make component Z (? )Buy component A and make component Z (? )Difference in extra costs/(benefits) of buying component A (? ) Direct materials XY130,000130,000 Direct materials AB140,000(140,000) Direct labour100,000100,000 Variable manufacturing overhead costs9,0009,000 Fixed manufacturing overhead costs90,00090,000 Non-manufacturing overheads50,00050,000 Outside purchase cost incurred350,000350,000 Revenue from sales of component Z(380,000)(380,000) Total net costs389,000349,000(40,000) There are two situations—no alternative use of the released capacity (situation 1) and the released capacity can be used to make component Z (situation 2). The Asian Company can outsource component A to American Company. At the first glance, because the purchase price of outsourcing is just ? 35, this component should be outsourced. However, there are some irrelevant costs. They will be not changed whether or not Asian Company makes the outsourcing decision. In situation 1, because the total costs of outsourcing will be more about ? 60,000 than continuing make components, managers should not outsource component A. Although the company will cost ? 130,000 for direct materials XY in situation 2, it can obtain revenue from sales of component Z about ? 340,000. So at the result, if Asian Company can release capacity for making component Z, it can get a net benefit of ? 40,000. 3. 5. 1. Relevant and Irrelevant Costs and Incomes in Scenario ? In situation 1, the relevant costs are direct materials AB, direct labour, variable manufacturing overhead costs, and costs of outsourcing and the irrelevant costs are non-manufacturing overheads. However, in situation 2, direct labour, variable manufacturing overhead costs become irrelevant costs. In addition, fixed manufacturing overhead costs and non-manufacturing overheads are also irrelevant costs in situation 2. Direct materials XY and AB and costs of outsourcing are relevant costs, and revenue from sales of component Z belongs to relevant income. 3. 5. 2. Qualitative Factors in Scenario ? About qualitative factors, because a delay in meeting orders will lead to decline sales, the availability of future supplies has to be considered. Managers can find many suppliers to provide products. This can decrease the risk of the delay. Managers have to check products from outsourcing very carefully, because if the quality of products is not as good as before, customer goodwill will decrease and this will result a decline in future sales. If the company stops to produce component A and there are redundancies, employee morale will be declined. At last, managers cannot outsource companies’ core business, because core business is a company’s core competitiveness. 4. Conclusion Through analyzing situations that standard costing system is used by different organization, the first part obtains that standard costing system is suitable for some companies that own repetitive process and are large organization. Then variance analysis is analyzed. At the second part, four decision making scenarios are introduced, and relevant and irrelevant income and costs and qualitative factors of four scenarios are identified respectively. Reference ?Drury, C. , 2009. Management Accounting for Business†¢4th. Andover: South-Western Cengage Learning. ?Drury, C. , 2008. Management and Cost Accounting†¢7th. Andover: South-Western Cengage Learning. ?Atrill, P. , and McLaney, E. , 2007. Management Accounting for Decision Makers†¢5th. London: Prentice Hall. ?De Wit, B. , and Meyer, R. , 2010. Strategy: Process, Content, Context†¢4th. Andover: South-Western Cengage Learning. ?Broadbent, J. , and Laughlin, R. , 2009. â€Å"Performance Management Systems: A Conceptual Model†, Management Accounting Research, Vol. 0, pp. 283-295. ?Verbeeten, F. , 2010. â€Å"The Impact of Business Unit Strategy, Structure and Technical Innovativeness on Change in Management Accounting and Control Systems at the Business Unit Level: An Empirical Analysis†, International Journal of Management, Vol. 27, pp. 123-143. ?Atkinson, A. , Barker, R. , Kaplan, R. and Young, S. M. , 2001. Management Accounting. London: Prenti ce Hall. ?Proctor, R. , 2009. Managerial Accounting for Business Decisions†¢3th. London: Prentice Hall. ?Davila, A. , Foster, G. and Oyon, D. , 2009. Accounting and Control, Entrepreneurship and Innovation: Venturing into New Research Opportunities†, European Accounting Review, Vol. 18, pp. 281-311. ?PG, 2010. PG Annual Report. ?Horngren, C. , Datar, S. , and Foster, G. , 2005. Cost Accounting, A Managerial Emphasis†¢12th. London: Prentice Hall. ?Horngern, T. , Foster, G. , Datar, M. and Bhimani, A. , 2005. Management and Cost Accounting †¢3th. London: Prentice Hall. Appendix I. The Learning-Curve Effect (Resource from: Atrill, P. , and McLaney, E. , 2007. Management Accounting for Decision Makers†¢5th. London: Prentice Hall. ) II. Variance Analysis for a Variable Costing System (Resource from: Drury, C. , 2009. Management Accounting for Business†¢4th. Andover: South-Western Cengage Learning. ) III. Formula for Variances Analysis Material Price Variance SP means the standard price; AP means the actual price; QP means the quantity of materials purchased. Material Usage Variance SQ means the standard quantity; AQ means the actual quantity. Total Material Variance SC means the standard material cost; AC means the actual cost. (Resource from: Drury, C. , 2008. Management and Cost Accounting†¢7th. Andover: South-Western Cengage Learning. )

Black women and the feminist movement

Introduction Black women faced exclusion from inside and outside their respective groups as African Americans and females. The white feminist movement was inclined towards the experiences of white women, and it therefore perpetuated racism against African American females. Furthermore, black liberation movements focused on male struggles, and this sidelined their female counterparts. As a result, black women felt that they did not belong anywhere; it was such sentiments that perpetuated the creation of black feminist thought.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Black women and the feminist movement specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Research question This study will look into black women’s situation during the early to mid 20th century in order to understand why this group felt like it did not belong to ongoing feminist movements. In other words, the main research question is â€Å"How did black womenà ¢â‚¬â„¢s situation in 20th century society explain their exclusion from ongoing feminist movements?† This study will contribute to knowledge by providing insights about the situation of women in 20th C America. It will analyse the cultural, economic, sexual, academic, familial and political positions or situations of black women at the time in order to reveal why these women felt rejected by ongoing feminist movements. The types of questions that will be examined in the research include: â€Å"Did family situations cause excessive pressures on African American women?† â€Å"Did African American women face disproportionate sexual violence or harrrassment?†, â€Å"Were economic structures highly unfavourable to black women?† and â€Å"Did these women encounter undue oppression from African American males?†. The focus of this paper will be on case studies of women in the years prior to the birth of black feminism. It will dissect the challenges that th ese individuals underwent in their respective roles as mothers, labourers, employees, businesspersons, wives, civic leaders, victims and many more. The research will attempt to show how their plight differed substantially from the struggles of non-black women at that time (Frances 201). This study will therefore justify the birth of black feminism by illustrating that there were real differences between subjects in black feminism and in other feminist ideologies. Theoretical approach and method In the paper, the theoretical supposition will be that African American women faced distinctive oppression that had not been addressed by any of the other movements in existence. Consequently, these circumstances excluded them from conventional feminist movements. The purpose of this paper will be to reveal those circumstances. It will therefore, be analytical and explanatory.Advertising Looking for research paper on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This research will be founded on the case study research design. Since the main research question starts with â€Å"how†, then the best research method to use in such a scenario is case study analysis. The research will be carried out through the use of multiple case studies because this can triangulate the various findings (Brearley 50). The different sources will be used to build a case on the possible explanations involved. Such an approach will make this study unique because most analyses on the subject of black feminism tend to dwell on time-series analysis. They usually depend on historical occurrences in order to support their assertions. However, this paper will focus on specific lives and narratives of African American women in the 20th Century before the birth of black feminism. The reference point or the period that is referred to in the birth of black feminism is 1973. It was during the 1970s when black women realised that they did not fit into feminist movements as well black national movements. Therefore, this study will contribute towards an authentic explanation of the situations that perpetuated black feminism. It will look at real-life experiences of black women in 20th Century America and thus provide insights concerning this issue. One should note that black feminism was a complex phenomenon. There were many variables that intersected to lead to its formation. One must thus rely on several sources of data in order to unravel the problem. The research method will be very systematic. The first step is defining the study questions. The latter aspect has already been done in the previous section of the research proposal. It will then point out the theoretical propositions involved in the research. The latter will be highly useful because they will allow limitation of all the data in subsequent portions of the paper. It will also facilitate the narrowing of the research to the most valuable issues. Narratives about different women’s lives in the 20th century show that they encountered a series of challenges. Some of them were exclusive to their personal experiences; however, others were reflective of their identity as African American women. It is the latter aspect that will be the centre of attention in this paper. Furthermore, the theoretical propositions and assumptions will facilitate linkage between certain incidents in the subjects’ lives. Without a theoretical framework, one might end up with endless data on the encounters of all the African American women in history. The framework will provide a specific direction for the entire research.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Black women and the feminist movement specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More After establishing the theoretical propositions, the paper will focus on the analysis of units in order to compare them to the propositions made as w ell as contrasting patterns. Finally, the research will involve an interpretation of the results. This will involve iterating the data and the theoretical propositions made. The paper will require narratives or cases about African American female experiences. These cases will focus on the different areas of concern identified in the paper. Some of them may be economically inclined; others may dwell on experiences of sexual violence or predicaments in academic settings. Some cases may contain an amalgamation of these issues. No matter what their authors focus on, all cases need to be personal narratives about African American women in the 20th century. This ought to be during the period before the formation of black feminist movements. The data will be collected from two major sources; archival records and general documents. The Archives will come from newspaper articles, journals and magazines that report personal accounts of African American women in that era. For instance in 1912, the challenges of domestic servant hood were highlighted by an African American worker whose identity remains unknown. She talked about her experiences with oppression in the ‘Independent’. Such sources will be insightful in answering the main research questions. The general documents will include diary entries, letters, and autobiographies. The diary entries will be written by women who lived in the 20th century prior to the formation of black feminist liberation movements. Furthermore personal letters that can be found in public arenas concerning these women’s challenges will be an important part of the database. Lastly autobiographical books will be vital data collection points. This is because most of them cover a myriad of issues about their subjects’ lives. It will be possible to get a multi-dimensional perspective about these women’s plights. After collecting all the data from the subjects under consideration, an analysis will be done throug h iterations between each finding and the earlier propositions made during the paper. In other words, the research will entail matching of patterns so as to associate all the pieces of information found to the theoretical framework made out earlier in the paper.Advertising Looking for research paper on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Literature review A number of papers and books focus on the historical occurrences just prior to black feminism. Some papers report that most black women were confronted with two paths; they could either educate members of the prevailing feminist movements about their unique situations and challenges as black women, or they could curve out their own path by starting black feminism (Atlink 99). White women were unwilling to accept that racist values pervaded feminist movements. This partly stemmed from focusing on male patriarchy as the main problem for feminists. Furthermore, a number of them were in denial about their ability to oppress (McCauley 29). They believed that if one was oppressed, then it was not possible for the same person to oppress others. Black women felt frustrated by this scheme of things (Hine 19). If they chose to simply educate existing feminists about their plight, then they would be taking on an unnecessary responsibility. Many oppressors have used this metho d as a strategy to divert attention from the real problem (Crenshaw 15). A victim should never be expected to educate her oppressor. This would deflect her focus away from her own challenges, which should be the object of concern in the first place. Consequently, research illustrates that black women chose to curve their own paths rather than work with pre-existing models. These historical recordings of black feminism are useful in revealing the uniqueness of black feminist thought. However, it only focuses on the political aspect; it does not look at other facets of Black’s women’s lives that might have contributed to this exclusion. This research will attempt to cover that gap by analysing those other areas. Some studies on female African American feminists often focus on one dimension of this group’s struggles. For instance, a study carried out by Schultz (80) wanted to find out how African American women’s history affects society’s responses to sexual abuse or rape. This analysis therefore, dwelt on the sexual issues of black women in the 20th century; similar studies include Collins (44) and Fogg-Davis (55). Another report focused on the economic challenges of African American women in that era. Challenges of female field and domestic workers in the South were highlighted. Later on, when black women could participate actively in professional jobs, they still faced additional difficulties in securing jobs or keeping their jobs (Jones 50). Other writers focus on certain realms of black women’s lives such as academics (Perry 15). This author reveals that African American women needed to do much more than their male counterparts in order to maintain their positions. This paper highlighted he work experiences of the group under discussion. Guy-Sheftall (194) in his book reveals that black women have unique circumstances that they encounter in their families. He cites statistics on how the US contained a higher proporti on of single mothers among black families than white families in the 1960s. African American women faced greater pressure at home than their female counterparts (Loury 22). While these analyses tend to focus on one dimension, it is necessary to bring out a more holistic picture of the black female’s struggle before the formation of black feminisms. This research will attempt to provide that picture through multiple case studies. Plan of the study The dissertation will commence with some preliminary readings on the subject matter. This will entail looking and analysing most of the books and writings on black feminism. Such a process should take a period of one month. The purpose of carrying out this task will be to identify some of the best sources to use for the paper. Arrangements with the project supervisor concerning regular meetings will follow; this should take roughly one week. The third step in the dissertation writing process will be to allocate specific time frames f or the completion of every aspect of the research dissertation. The time frames will depend upon when the supervisor agrees with these deadlines. Having such a plan will play an important role in ascertaining that everything remains on track. At this time, substantial portions of time will be left prior to the deadlines in order to prevent the possible loss of time after editing and other last minute changes. Furthermore, a plan of the desired words to be found on each of these chapters is also another necessary aspect of the research paper. After the planning stage, the dissertation process will entail a detailed outline of the methodological approach in the paper. This stage will also involve completion of the initial reading done earlier. The latter step will occur two weeks after the dissertation planning phase. After doing the second reading and review, a detailed plan of the bibliographic aspects of the research will be done. This will ensure that all the work is founded on st rong theoretical principles. After carrying out these steps, compilation of the literate review will be done. This will take a period of one month. The paper will start with the topics to be covered in the literature review and then follow this up with the complete compilation of all the literature involved in the study topic. After one month, the next step will be an analysis of the research methods to be used in the paper. This will involve an outline and explanation of the research instruments in the first two weeks. In the next two weeks, the research process will entail a definition of the methods of analysis chosen for the paper. In the coming three weeks, this study will focus on identification of the case studies since a multiple case study approach will be the main point of emphasis in the research. The sources of these case studies will be as described above; personal diaries, letters, autobiographies and first-person articles in newspapers, journals or other relevant lite rature. Only the cases that talk about the African American female experience prior to formation of black feminism will be the main concern. This will begin in the 1900s and end in 1973. After identifying the sources, the next step will be redefining the research method in the dissertation. This will take a duration of one week. Shortly after that, the theoretical framework for collection of data will commence (Yin 13). This will refer to some of the issues that pertain to this particular kind of analysis. Collection of the case studies will take a period of two months. Shortly after, pattern matching will follow; this will take a period of two months. The findings in each of the case studies will be related back to the theoretical frameworks done just before this step. After two months of pattern matching, an analysis of the findings will be done. The patterns will be linked to the research questions in order to establish a correlation between the two facets; this process will take approximately two weeks. Afterwards, a discussion of the research results will be done in order to form a complete picture of the issue of black women’s situation prior to the formation of black feminism. The latter step will take place within a period of two weeks. The conclusion and recommendations will be the last step in the preparation of the dissertation report, and this will be done within two weeks as well. A compilation of the references used in the report and the final editing will proceed after that. This will take a period of three days. Thereafter, the dissertation will be submitted. Works Cited Atlink, Henrice. â€Å"The misfortune of being black and female.† Third Space 5.1(2006): 99-113. Print. Brearley, David. â€Å"The case study: threat or opportunity.† Counsellor education and supervision 33(1993): 35-57. Print. Collins, Patricia. Black sexual politics: African Americans, gender and the new racism. NY: Routledge, 2004. Print. Crenshaw, Kimbe rle. Beyond racism and misogyny: Black feminism and 2 Live Crew. 2005. Web. Fogg-Davis, Hawley. A black feminist critique of same race street harassment. 2005. Web. Frances, White. Listening to the voices of black feminism. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 1989. Print. Guy-Sheftall, Beverly. Words of Fire: An anthology of African American Feminist Thought. NY: New Press, 1995. Print. Hine, Darlene. Black women in America. NY: OUP, 2005. Print. Jones, Jacqueline. Labour of love, labour of sorrow: black women, work and the family from slavery to the present. NY: Vintage books, 1995. Print. Loury, Glenn. One by one from the inside out: essays and reviews on race and responsibility in America. NY: the free press, 1995. Print. McCauley, Robbie. But some of us are brave: a history of black feminism in the United States. 2004. Web.. †¹http://www.mit.edu/~thistle/v9/9.01/6blackf.html†º Perry, Gary. The unique challenges and experiences of African American women academicia ns at predominantly white institutes. 2001. Web. †¹https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/pocpwi6/7/†º Schultz, Priscilla. â€Å"The sociocultural context of African Americans and White American Women’s rape.† Social studies journal 48.1(1992): 77-91 Yin, Robert. Case study research: design and methods. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, Print. This research paper on Black women and the feminist movement was written and submitted by user Kallie Merrill to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Aristotles Poetics

Aristotles Poetics In the ancient classical periods, the Greek's Empire was known as most powerful and as a center of knowledge centralizing in Athens. Three main philosophers dominated that age: Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Having the Poetics as a main topic for this research, I feel obliged, therefore, to give an introductory biography about its author; Aristotle.Aristotle was born in a northern country in Greece called Stagira, ruled by the Macedonians at that time. His father, Nicomachus, was a friend of the Macedonian king Amyntus II and his personal physician. Some scholars suspect that his father's occupation later influenced his theories and studies. At the age of 18 or 17, after his father's death, he was sent to Athens to study at Plato's Academy, spending almost 20 years there first as a student, a very bright and distinguished student, then later as a teacher. After Plato's the academy was left under the leadership of Plato's nephew, while Aristotle traveled to Assos in Asia Minor where he married the king's niece Pythias.Alexander Muir Public School, Toronto, 1902 [OHQ-P...After spending three years there and two more in Mytilence, he was invited by King Phillip II back to Stagira to tutor his 13 year old son Alexander (later world conqueror, Alexander the great). When Alexander became a king, Aristotle left to Athens and founded his own school at a place called the Lyceum and taught in it for thirteen years. During those thirteen years he has composed the greater number of his philosophical treaties. Due to the death of Alexander and fall of the Macedonian rule Aristotle was charged with impiety and, therefore, fled to Chalcis, where he met with his death a year later, leaving behind a fortune of his works and treaties from sciences of nature to politics.Influenced by Plato, Aristotle's early writings...

Research paper about lululemon Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

About lululemon - Research Paper Example According to this journal, Lulu Lemon has been in a position to sell approximately 95% of its products at a full price. This has been based on the strategy that involves offering fewer products in its outlets to ensure that consumer are instilled with a perception of scarcity (online.wsj.com). The core items are usually not placed on sale in most cases, in this case, when a client finds such products on the shelf, he or she feels that the product is scarce and will take it at the prices offered without considering any form of discount (online.wsj.com). In addition, the company has a strict return policy stating that no goods are supposed to be returned after fourteen days of sale; the policy also states the goods cannot be returned after they are washed worn: Such a policy has ensured its clients of the high quality of the products, thus determining the prices. The company does not rely on large quantities of data to determine their clients’ needs, thus the determination of pricing, but rather focuses on taking direct feedbacks from clients, thus making necessary improvements on their products, which also influences prices. According to Christine Day the new Company’s Chief Executive Officer, the application of large quantities of data retrieved from websites, focus groups as well as client-management relationship software to determine quality and track purchases, may provide invalid information, thus a false sense of security (www.businessinsider.com). The use of direct clientele feedback is crucial in redefining products as well as the determination of associated prices. Taking feedbacks from clients has been achieved through training its employees on eavesdropping as well as taking direct complaints from clients (www.businessinsider.com). The application of a product lifecycle is another strategy that has been applied by the company. The company ensures that when a new product, with a new color is introduced, it is

ENGLISH COMPOSITION I Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ENGLISH COMPOSITION I - Essay Example The emphasis of the sentence is placed on Jane as the reader is meant to be drawn to the idea of Jane first and foremost. If the emphasis is to be placed on the recipient of the action, passive voice is used. For instance, â€Å"The paper was written by Jane† is in passive voice. The attention is placed on the paper when written this way. Placing a sentence in the passive voice is also a semantic trick that can be used to de-emphasize a role played by the actor. For instance, saying â€Å"mistakes were made† does not place the blame on any one person, while â€Å"Jane made mistakes† places the blame firmly in Jane. Tense in a sentence refers to the grammatical quality which relates when an action has taken place. The main tenses are past, present, and future. For example, â€Å"Jane wrote the paper† is past tense, â€Å"Jane writes the paper† is present, and â€Å"Jane will write the paper† is future tense. These, however, are not the only tenses. These are used to even further define the conditions of a sentence, such as present continuous and present perfect. Present continuous refers to an action that is currently taking place, such as â€Å"Jane is writing the paper,† and present perfect refers to is used to refer to an action that has taken place recently or in general, such as â€Å"Jane has written the paper.† Past tenses and future tenses also have various ways to define further when exactly an action has taken

Mastering Biology Suggested Answer Book Essay Example for Free

Mastering Biology Suggested Answer Book Essay The rate of reaction increases when the polyphenol oxidase concentration increases. 1m b Rate of reaction = 1/18 = 0.056 1m From the graph, the enzyme concentration is around 1.15%. 1m c Use boiled enzyme in the tube. 1m d The enzyme does not work in acidic medium. / The enzyme is denatured in acidic medium. 1m e The colour change becomes faster at start 0.5m as enzyme activity increases with temperature. 0.5m When temperature becomes too high, no further colour change will be observed 0.5m as the enzyme is denatured. 0.5m f The rate of reaction drops / stops if all active sites of the enzymes are blocked. 1m The inhibitor competes with normal substrate for active sites. 1m 11 HKCEE Biology 2003 I Q3b Essay (p. 4-23) 12 Enzymes are biological catalysts, speeding up metabolic reactions without being used. 1m Enzymes can be reused. Enzyme molecules return to its original form after completing the reaction. 1m Enzymes are required in relatively small amount because enzymes remain unchanged in the reaction. 1m Enzymes are proteins. They are easily denatured by high temperatures and extreme values of pH. 1m The actions of enzymes are specific. Each enzyme catalyses only one type of reaction. 1m Examples of enzyme application: Biological washing powder, papain in meat tenderizers, enzyme to coagulate milk to produce cheese, enzyme to modify the starch in bread, enzymes to break down plant cell wall in fruit juices, enzymes to remove hairs from hides 1m Advantages of using enzymes in the above applications: Enzymes are specific in action. This reduces the production of unwanted products. 1m Enzymes are efficient in small amounts. This lowers the cost of production.

Report on Wind :: Wind Energy Weather Essays

Report on Wind I did my report on wind. As you may or may not know wind moves horizontally, and the wind that doesn’t move horizontally moves vertically. That kind of wind is called a current. Many things may cause these rushes of moving air, one thing would be atmospheric pressure differences. The differences in the distribution of pressure and temperature is caused by the unequal distribution of heat. There are also the differences in the thermal properties of land and the ocean surfaces. When the temperatures of different regions become unequal, the warmer air will normally rise and move over the cold air because the cold air is heavier. That will sometimes cause things like tornadoes. Another way that winds move are by the usually great rotation of the earth. Isn’t that enough as it is? Really though†¦..how fast are we rotating and flying through space? Winds are classified into four major types believe it or not. The four major groups are, the local winds, the seasonal winds , the cyclonic and anticyclonic winds, and the prevailing winds. That’s kind of impressive if you ask me! Most people think of wind as a slight breeze on a summer’s day when it could be so much more. There are actually many, many more kinds of wind. You must remember that those are just the four main kinds. Now back to our "summer’s breeze," the strongest wind ever reliably measured on the surface of the earth was 362 km per hour or 225 miles per hour, recorded on Mount Washington, New Hampshire, on April 12, 1934. Considerably stronger winds, however, occur near the centers of tornadoes. I also thought that that was pretty neat. I got that fact out the Encarta ’95 encyclopedia, a very reliable source. That’s where I got a lot of the information in this report. Now we get the chance to talk about the local winds. These winds are determined by the seasonal changes in temperature and pressure over the land as well as water. During the day changes occur, which will exercise a similar but more of a local effect on places. These changes that will only occur during the day are diurnal. These diurnal occurrences happen mostly in the summer, because the land is warmer than the surrounding water during the day and is colder than the water by night. Isn’t it strange? O’well. The variations of pressure therefore lead or move a called forth system of breezes directed toward the land during the daytime and back towards the sea at night.

Philosophy Exam Essay

I believe that the quote â€Å"Education makes music out of the noise that fills life† has a broader meaning to it than it first appears. People would first think of simply the context of it and conclude that it makes no sense, however, to me I think it means that through everyday life, knowing and really  understanding  what’s going on and knowing how to do things really makes everything flow and brings joy to yours and possibly others lives. Education puts together the pieces of life, if you didn’t life wouldn’t seem quite; It’s like music having no notes, having no certain rythm or pattern. It just wouldn’t make sense, but someone who knows music could come along and make the song flow smoothly, which was learnt through education and the will to understand and learn. 2. Philosophy is the love of wisdom. The need to learn and really understand what is going on around you and in your life. It’s knowing who you are and realizing what’s really important. There is no way of avoiding philosophy, it’s in peoples everyday lives. Everyday, even if you don’t notice it you are making an ethical decision or spotting someone else doing something morally wrong and stepping in; or you could be thinking about your life and making some changes and thinking of what’s really important. Without philosophy, you would never truly know yourself. 3. In â€Å"The Apology† written by Plato, Socrates really embodies the definition philosophy as â€Å"philo-sophia†. The term â€Å"philo-sophia† literally means the love of wisdom; and in â€Å"The Apology† Socrates is sacrificing himself for wisdom. He is being true to himself even when put on a death sentence and speaking for his life, he says the honest truth. As quoted by Socrates â€Å"and he only gives you the appearance of happiness, and I give you the reality. †. He always spoke what was right and even when people accused him of being crazy, he never was shaken by these comments. Even when he knew by saying such things may lose him votes, he said what was knowledgable and true. Quote by Socrates â€Å"I shall never alter my ways, not even if I have to die many times†¦ †. He gave wisdom to those around him in with his last breaths, and had no regrets. 4. Making an assertion, is much different from making an argument. When you make an assertion you are stating something and automatically saying there is no way you’re wrong. You’re saying your opinion without evidence or reasoning to back it up and prove you’re right. While making an argument is suggesting at the same time as stating your opinion  with  evidence and reason to back it up. One argument I remember in class is is if love is the only rational act. Many people believed it wasn’t the only rational act, but in my opinion it is. Real love is feeling the same way about another person endlessly and unconditionally. You see their flaws and still love them, waiting for them and spending time with them isn’t a burden to you. You enjoy time in the  now  when you are with them and you care for them as much as you care about yourself. Love is the only thing that seperates us from all other living things. 5. Knowledge is something all philosophers seek. It is a properly justified true belief. There are two components to knowledge; The first is belief. This is an important component to knowledge because beliefs make up who are, they chart our everyday lives and if we didn’t believe something, we wouldn’t do it and it wouldn’t be knowledge. The second component is truth. If the thing you believe isn’t true, than it is not knowledgable nor is it a proper belief. that is why, knowledge is a  properly justified  belief. 6. It is impossible to be an absolute skeptic because skeptics doubt everything and question everything. So, how can a skeptic be sure of his words? Without believing that his words are truer than others, he can’t even formulate his questions or challenges. If they didn’t believe anything, wouldn’t they have to believe that? Believe that nothing is true and that they themselves don’t believe anything? Therefore, it is impossible. Belief is inevitable in life. 7. I believe the quote â€Å"When you want to believe in something you also have to believe in everything that’s necessary for believing it† means that to truly believe something, you have to believe everything that comes along with it. Every detail and reason to why that belief is true, you also have to believe it. It relates to world view because a worldview is all of   your beliefs all compiled into one big belief of everything. In order to truly believe in your worldview, you have to believe everything else about it. A personal belief I have that illustrates this is my belief that Heaven is real. In order for me to truly believe it’s real I also have to believe in God, and in order to believe in god I have to believe that Satan is real, which would also require I believe there is a Hell. Which would also lead to believing that when you die you truly are judged for your life. One belief comes with many others. 8. â€Å"Is it correct? †, â€Å"Is it complete†, and â€Å"Is it coherent† are the three tests to measure a persons worldview. If you omit any of these tests, your worldview wouldn’t be true. You would damage your worldview or end up making it completely destroyed. 9. The Principle of Belief and Conservation are reasons why you should and/or shouldn’t believe something/ a proposition. Taking a stand towards a belief would require you doubting a lot of your current beliefs; you have no good reason or doubt all these beliefs; and no compelling reason to take a stand on the new proposition. When they beliefs pass their own test, everyone believes it to be true because there isn’t a way anyone can prove different. The Principle of Belief and Conservation cannot be used when trying to prove that Sense experience, Memory, or Testimony is true. It can only prove Basic Beliefs. 10. What William James meant by â€Å"Precursive Faith† is not just sitting back and waiting for the world to show us what is really true. You have to believe before you have evidence that is is really true, you must embrace all the truth you can. Taking this more positive approach will open you up to new things and experiences and discovering more beliefs. A time I had to use precursive faith was when I was little, even though now it doesn’t seem like a big deal, to me it was then. I had a pet fish I loved a lot and it got sick, and to cure it we had to give it this medicine that could either save its life or make the death come faster. I had to believe it would work, because if I didn’t do it my fish would die; and even though it could cause its death, it could also save it. So we gave the medicine to it and thankfully it cured the sickness. If I didn’t take this leap of faith, I would have lost something important to me. 11. The Virtue Theory relates to the idea of teleology for the human life because the virtue theory is if you are interested in true happiness, you must aim for all the virtues, which are certain charasteristics all human beings have. Encouraging and having these qualaties lead to human flourishing and a truly good and happy person. it relates too teleology because it is when you do something good and you hit the target and you fufilled your purpose, which in the end would make you happy. Therefore, when portraying one of the virtues that are necessary into being happy, and something good coming out of it you are â€Å"Hitting the target† and you are a good person. 12. A truly virtuous action must consider the motive, the action, and the context because in order for it to be truly good you must be aiming for something good and expecting something good. If you are being kind, only to get something you want is not virtuous. If you are being Loving someone just for there money, or you are saving a cat from a tree just so people can see you as a good person; it is not truly virtuous and doesn’t make you a good person. 13. â€Å"Money buys Happiness†   is not true in my opinion. Although money may buy you expensive things you want, food you love, the newest trend that â€Å"you must have† because everyone has it, it won’t make you truly happy. You may be happy when you get it, but does it really make you a happier person? You can’t buy your way through life, you can’t buy things and expect people to love you and really want to be with you. They may act like it, but not for you, for your money. When you are lonely and need someone to talk to, can you really buy someone who truly wants to listen and be there for you? Can you buy a wife or husband who will truly love you? No, and without affection and care from others, you cannot live a truly happy life. 14. I think the three most important characteristics of a philosopher are Openness, Truthfulness, and Boldness. A philosopher has many beliefs and has any of his or her own reasons to believe them, but if another person says something which makes more sense than what they believed, they must have  openness  and listen and possibly believe this new idea. The things philosophers believe must be true and have a good reason behind it, and when asked philosophers must state their true belief and have true reason behind it; that is why Philos ophers must havetruthfulness. Lastly, Philosophers must have  boldness  because if everyone else goes against his or her opinion, he musn’t back down just because the majority disagrees. He has to be bold and confident and stand for his ideas if he has better reason to believe so. 15. Plato stated that â€Å"Philosophy begins with Wonder†. I think he stated this because without wonder, nobody would have questions. And without questions, nobody would have anything to have an opinion; which would result in nobody striving for truth. And philosophy without truth isn’t complete. Two things I wonder about which spark philosophical reflection are, what is truly good, and what is my purpose in life.

Path Analysis -- What it Is and How to Use It

Path analysis is a form of multiple regression statistical analysis that is used to evaluate causal models by examining the relationships between a dependent variable and two or more independent variables. By using this method, one can estimate both the magnitude and significance of causal connections between variables. Key Takeaways: Path Analysis By conducting a path analysis, researchers can better understand the causal relationships between different variables.To begin, researchers draw a diagram that serves as a visual representation of the relationship between variables.Next, researchers use a statistical software program (such as SPSS or STATA) to compare their predictions to the actual relationship between the variables. Overview Path analysis is theoretically useful because, unlike other techniques, it forces us to specify relationships among all of the independent variables. This results in a model showing causal mechanisms through which independent variables produce both direct and indirect effects on a dependent variable. Path analysis was developed by Sewall Wright, a geneticist, in 1918. Over time the method has been adopted in other physical sciences and social sciences, including sociology. Today one can conduct path analysis with statistical programs including SPSS and STATA, among others. The method is also known as  causal modeling, analysis of covariance structures, and latent variable models. Prerequisites for Conducting a Path Analysis There are two main requirements for path analysis: All causal relationships between variables must go in one direction only (you cannot have a pair of variables that cause each other)The variables must have a clear time-ordering since one variable cannot be said to cause another unless it precedes it in time. How to Use Path Analysis Typically path analysis involves the construction of a path diagram in which the relationships between all variables and the causal direction between them are specifically laid out. When conducting a path analysis, one might first construct an input path diagram, which illustrates the hypothesized relationships. In a path diagram, researchers use arrows to show how different variables relate to each other. An arrow pointing from, say, Variable A to Variable B, shows that Variable A is hypothesized to influence Variable B. After the statistical analysis has been completed, a researcher would then construct an output path diagram, which illustrates the relationships as they actually exist, according to the analysis conducted. If the researcher’s hypothesis is correct, the input path diagram and output path diagram will show the same relationships between variables. Examples of Path Analysis in Research Lets consider an example in which path analysis might be useful. Say you hypothesize that age has a direct effect on job satisfaction, and you hypothesize that it has a positive effect, such that the older one is, the more satisfied one will be with their job. A good researcher will realize that there are certainly other independent variables that also influence our dependent variable of job satisfaction: for example, autonomy and income, among others. Using path analysis, a researcher can create a diagram that charts the relationships between the variables. The diagram would show a link between age and autonomy (because typically the older one is, the greater degree of autonomy they will have), and between age and income (again, there tends to be a positive relationship between the two). Then, the diagram should also show the relationships between these two sets of variables and the dependent variable: job satisfaction. After using a statistical program to evaluate these relationships, one can then redraw the diagram to indicate the magnitude and significance of the relationships. For example, the researcher might find that both autonomy and income are related to job satisfaction, that one of these two variables has a much stronger link to job satisfaction than the other, or that neither variable has a significant link to job satisfaction. Strengths and Limitations of Path Analysis While path analysis is useful for evaluating causal hypotheses, this method cannot determine the  direction  of causality. It clarifies correlation and indicates the strength of a causal hypothesis, but does not prove direction of causation. In order to fully understand the direction of causality, researchers can consider conducting experimental studies in which participants are randomly assigned to a treatment and control group. Additional Resources Students wishing to learn more about path analysis and how to conduct it can refer to  the University of Exeter’s overview of Path Analysis and  Quantitative Data Analysis for Social Scientists  by Bryman and Cramer. Updated by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.