Argument Analysis Essays - Organizational Theory,

Organizational theory (OT) is "the study of organizations for the benefit of identifying common themes for the purpose of solving problems, maximizing efficiency and productivity, and meeting the needs of stakeholders." Organizational Theory contains three subtopics: classical perspective, neoclassic perspective and environmental perspective. It complements the studies of organizational behavior and human resource studies. The classical perspective emerges from the Industrial Revolution and centers on theories of efficiency. There are two subtopics under the classical perspective: the scientific management and bureaucracy theory. The Scientific Management theory was introduced by Frederick Winslow Taylor to encourage production efficiency and productivity. Taylor argues that inefficiencies could be controlled through managing production as a science. Taylor defines scientific management as "concerned with knowing exactly what you want men to do and then see in that they do it in the best and cheapest way." According to Taylor, scientific management affects both workers and employers, and stresses the control of the labour force by management. The Principles of Scientific Management Main article: The Principles of Scientific Management Taylor identifies four inherent principles of the scientific management theory. 1) The creation of a scientific method of measurement that replaces the "rule-of-thumb" method 2) Emphasis placed on the training of workers by management 3) Co-operation between manager and workers to ensure the principles are being met 4) Equal Division of labour between managers and workers. Bureaucratic Theory Developed in the Industrial Age, Max Weber's theory of bureaucracy centers around the theme of rationalization, rules and expertise. Developed from the Administrative Principles theory, the bureaucracy theory also focuses on efficiency and clear roles. The bureaucracy theory is implemented in Flat organization structures and is suited for larger organizations that require formalization of roles. Criticism of the Classical Perspective Although the classical perspective encourages efficiency, it is often criticized as ignoring the importance of human needs. This perspective rarely takes into consideration human error or the variability of work performances related to individual workers. Neoclassical Perspective The Neoclassical perspective began with the Hawthorne studies in the 1920s. This approach gave emphasis to ?affective and socio-psychological aspects of human behaviours in organizations.? The Human relations movement was a movement which had the primary concerns of concentrating on topics such as morale, leadership, and mainly factors that aid in the cooperation in Organizational behavior. Hawthorne Study A number of sociologists and psychologists made major contributions to the study of the neoclassical perspective, which is also known as the human relations school of thought. Elton Mayo and his colleagues were the most important contributors to this study because of their famous Hawthorne study from the ?Hawthorne plant of the Western Electric Company between 1927 and 1932.? The Hawthorne study suggested that employees have social and psychological needs along with economic needs in order to be motivated to complete their assigned tasks. This theory of management was a product of the strong opposition against ?the Scientific and universal management process theory of Taylor and Fayol.? This theory was a response to the way employees were treated in companies and how they were deprived of their needs and ambitions. Results from the Hawthorne Studies The Hawthorne studies helped conclude that ?a human/social element operated in the workplace and that productivity increases were as much an outgrowth of group dynamics as of managerial demands and physical factors.?The Hawthorne studies also concluded that although financial motives were important, social factors are just as important in defining the worker-productivity. Hawthorne Effect was the improvement of productivity between the employees, it was characterized by: The satisfactory interrelationships between the coworkers It classifies personnel as social beings and proposes that sense of belonging in the workplace is important to increase productivity levels in the workforce. An effective management understood the way people interacted and behaved within the group. The management attempts to improve the interpersonal skills through motivations, leading, communication and counseling. This study encourages managers to acquire minimal knowledge of behavioral sciences to be able to understand and improve the interactions between employees Criticism of the Hawthorne study Critics believed that Mayo gave a lot of importance to the social side of the study rather than addressing the needs of an organization. Also, they believed that the study takes advantage of employees because it influences their emotions by making it seem as if they are satisfied and content, however it is merely a tool that

Free Essays on One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest- Chief Bromdens Journey To Freedom And Sanity

Page 1 One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest Chief Bromden’s Journey to Freedom and Sanity In the novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey, the narrator, Chief Bromden, is set out on a journey to achieve sanity. The effects of patient McMurphy’s strong-willed personality helped the Chief to overcome the harsh emotional treatment that has been laid on him in the past, and exposes him to the truth behind Nurse Ratched and the â€Å"Combine.† Kesey portrays McMurphy as a Christ like figure throughout the novel, giving Chief the strength and hope he posses. McMurphy helps Chief grow into a strong, self-reliant character. In most of the novel, Chief is extremely paranoid and fearful of everything. Even though in actuality Chief is over six and a half feet tall, he considers himself small and weak. One night, when he first begins to speak to McMurphy about how he isn’t big, he says, â€Å"I’m way too little. I used to be big, but no more. You’re twice the size of me.† (Page 186.) Chief’s lack of self-esteem is due to his mother, an overbearing white woman who contributed to ruining his father and making him into a powerless alcoholic. She, and others throughout the book (for example, the government who took away his father’s land), forced Chief into invisibility. Chief witnessed his father waste away, as he was robbed of things he once was passionate about. On page 187, Chief talks about his father: â€Å"But he was too little anymore. And he was too drunk, too. The Combine has whipped him. It beats everybody. It’ll beat you too. They can’t have somebody as big as Papa running around unless he’s one of them. You can see that.† Chief is scared that Nurse Ratched and the Combine will soon destroy him, as the government and mother did his father. McMurphy takes it upon himself to make Chief â€Å"big† again by bringing to Chief’s attention the way he has â€Å"grown.† For instance, on page 225, â€Å"’By God... Free Essays on One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest- Chief Bromdens Journey To Freedom And Sanity Free Essays on One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest- Chief Bromdens Journey To Freedom And Sanity Page 1 One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest Chief Bromden’s Journey to Freedom and Sanity In the novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey, the narrator, Chief Bromden, is set out on a journey to achieve sanity. The effects of patient McMurphy’s strong-willed personality helped the Chief to overcome the harsh emotional treatment that has been laid on him in the past, and exposes him to the truth behind Nurse Ratched and the â€Å"Combine.† Kesey portrays McMurphy as a Christ like figure throughout the novel, giving Chief the strength and hope he posses. McMurphy helps Chief grow into a strong, self-reliant character. In most of the novel, Chief is extremely paranoid and fearful of everything. Even though in actuality Chief is over six and a half feet tall, he considers himself small and weak. One night, when he first begins to speak to McMurphy about how he isn’t big, he says, â€Å"I’m way too little. I used to be big, but no more. You’re twice the size of me.† (Page 186.) Chief’s lack of self-esteem is due to his mother, an overbearing white woman who contributed to ruining his father and making him into a powerless alcoholic. She, and others throughout the book (for example, the government who took away his father’s land), forced Chief into invisibility. Chief witnessed his father waste away, as he was robbed of things he once was passionate about. On page 187, Chief talks about his father: â€Å"But he was too little anymore. And he was too drunk, too. The Combine has whipped him. It beats everybody. It’ll beat you too. They can’t have somebody as big as Papa running around unless he’s one of them. You can see that.† Chief is scared that Nurse Ratched and the Combine will soon destroy him, as the government and mother did his father. McMurphy takes it upon himself to make Chief â€Å"big† again by bringing to Chief’s attention the way he has â€Å"grown.† For instance, on page 225, â€Å"’By God...

Leadership and patient safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Leadership and patient safety - Essay Example The working condition surrounding nurses while they are engaged in their daily duty bear a close relation to the safety and quality of care given to patients. Being the leading workforce in the health care field, nurses employ much of their skills, knowledge and experience in diverse patients needs. We cannot deny the fact that nurses play a major role with regard to meeting the demands of patients care. Such is the case that nurses are the ones who always shoulder the biggest responsibilities when patients care falls short of any required standards. This may come in the form of poor resource allocation (e.g. insufficient medical equipment and workforce) or even inappropriate standards and policies. With this information, one can figure out the present misunderstandings regarding the greater effects revolving around the diverse, multifaceted health care systems and the working environment elements. A good understanding of this work environment and a further move to engage in strategies that seek to improve its effects forms the basis to quality and safer care. High reliability organizations (HRO) that maintain a culture, which puts more emphasis on safety and evidence-based practices guarantee favorable working environment to nurses while at the same time, improve safety and quality. ... The following work serves to detail a number of issues related to achieving professionalism in nursing through provision of quality and safe care. The working condition surrounding nurses while they are engaged in their daily duty bear a close relation to the safety and quality of care given to patients. Being the leading workforce in the health care field, nurses employ much of their skills, knowledge and experience in diverse patients needs. We cannot deny the fact that nurses play a major role with regard to meeting the demands of patients care. Such is the case that nurses are the ones who always shoulder the biggest responsibilities when patients care falls short of any required standards (Institute of Medicine 2004, p. 45). This may come in the form of poor resource allocation (e.g. insufficient medical equipment and workforce) or even inappropriate standards and policies. With this information, one can figure out the present misunderstandings regarding the greater effects revo lving around the diverse, multifaceted health care systems and the working environment elements. A good understanding of this work environment and a further move to engage in strategies that seek to improve its effects forms the basis to quality and safer care. High reliability organizations (HRO) that maintain a culture, which puts more emphasis on safety and evidence-based practices guarantee favorable working environment to nurses while at the same time, improve safety and quality. FREQUENCY OF ERRORS Provision of health care services occur in environment characterized with high complexity ensuing from the various interactions of the concerned factors. These factors include the disease process, technology,